St

St.-Petersburg (with suburb 1 267 000), capital of Russia, as the majority of the European capitals, the important [127] shopping centre just as a place
The government. Its manufacturing the main things - interested in creation of an ammunition of war are the general and numerous, but. To 1885 St.-Petersburg was not seaport, but that year the channel has been constructed, which resolves now to the courts pulling twenty two foots of water to enter into its docks. Its harbour, however, is closed with ice since November till May. About St.-Petersburg Reval, the main cotton port of Russia. Crude cotton import of averages of Russia approximately 60 000 000$ annually which most part arrives a straight line from the United States. Moscow (988 000), ancient capital of Russia, is also the big industrial city, but its basic importance is received from the fact that is the great centre of domestic trade of Russia. Warsaw (615 000), capital of the Polish Russia, is the great railway centre, and the basic warehouse of a railway traffic between Russia and other part of Europe. Lodz (315 000), also in the Polish Russia, is a great industrial clap the empire centre. Odessa (405 000) is the main seaport of Russia. It has a huge export trade in grain, oil, gland, a linen seed, [128] wood, disappears, a rigging, a canvas, pitch, and beef. At Riga (283 000), the main port of Russia to Baltic, is the big export trade
With England in characteristic Russian make. Kieff (249 000) is the centre of the Russian industry clearing sugar. Astrakhan (113 000), on the Volga delta, is noted for its fishery of a sturgeon, and its export of caviar, making as speak, 1 500 000$ annually. Tula (111 000) is Sheffield Russia. Even in 1828 in Tula was 600 establishments of a tableware, but manufacturing was then mainly internal. It - now a city of factories as it costs on the big coal and iron area. Nijni- (99 000) it is noted for its fair, the Asian establishment which will be soon cancelled undoubtedly by a modern civilisation. Once a year dealers to number 200 000 come to Nijni- from on all extent of Russia, and even from India and China, to exchange their equipment. Value of an exchange sometimes makes 100 000 000$. Orenburg (73 000), in Urals Mountains, is a limiting warehouse of trade of a trailer of the Asian Russia. The archangel (25 000), by the White sea, is the main shopping centre of trade in the north, with export of characteristic northern product. Baku, on Caspian sea, is the main place of a petroleum industry of Russia. All cities and cities above named grew extremely within last twenty years.
[129]
VI. TRADING FEATURES OF INDIA
THE PAST AND THE PRESENT OF INDIA WAS COMPARED

The South America - huge, but very fertile continent, which natural resources are for the present

The South America - huge, but very fertile continent, which natural resources are for the present hardly begun to be used. Though not so big as the North America, at it is much more the big area of productive soil - and, really, the most part of its soil is rather unsurpassed much. It suffers, however, from two big lacks. 1. The most part of its area (four fifth) is in limits of a hot zone. In low areas of coast of this hot area, and also in the low wood areas irrigated at the big flat rivers of an interior, the climate generally is intolerable by the white. 2. The South America was unsuccessful in the settlement and colonisation. While last years colonisation as it is understood in Anglo-Saxon communities not was it is hardly undertaken in the South America in general. More and more early immigrations from the Old World have been caused by thought on reception gold and silver and jewels - if the requirement was capture of property and enslavery natives. Only the small proportion of the population - is no more than a quarter whole - they consist from white, and mainly of Spain and [178] Portugal. These conquerors of continent basically have not succeeded in establishing or steady forms of the government or
High types of a civilisation. Besides, mixed races - at mestizos or the metis as them name, descendants of earlier Europeans and natives - instead of promoting in a civilisation, are during some time by retrograding. Then, again, there is a big Negro element, descendants of the Africans once imported as slaves, to still complicate further a question on race; also there is a considerable element partially the Negro and partially Indian. Only in one state, Argentina, can affairs how to speak, be really rich, and even in Argentina a civilisation developed by its prosperity, is rough and material, instead of is cleared and intellectual. Following most succeeding and important states - Brazil and Chile. Probably Uruguay though least of all states, should be placed after Argentina. The remaining independent states of reserved Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivias, also are Paraguay all states of prevailing South American type. Their governments more or are less changeable. They are awfully burdened by a debt, and their credit is that, that they should pay high percent. The civilisation once entered among their native races by eagerness of the Spanish missionaries, worsens, not disappearing. And even among their leading classes is very much that desirable in observance of usual principles to be right and it is wrong.
THE EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION IN THE SOUTH AMERICA

Madrigals of Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina, are the greatest city not only in the South

Madrigals of Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina, are the greatest city not only in the South America, but also in the whole southern hemisphere. La Plata in which mouth it costs, gives navigation in all northern parts of republic, just as in the next states of Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, and Bolivia. A coastal strip in Madrigals of Buenos Aires - within a year fine wood of masts and the chimneys belonging to shipment which delivers this navigation. Recently, at cost 25 000 000$, the river which here small, has been deepened both new moorings, and docks have been constructed, and ocean vessels of the deepest sketch (which before it was in the habit to be shined on distance in fourteen miles), can unload or be loaded now directly in the heart of a city. Full trade of republic makes 200 000 000$ or 225 000 000$ in a year, and this trade Madrigals of Buenos Aires spend seven eighth in import and three fifth in export. Quantity of this trade provided with the United States, [184] approximately one tenth, running from 12 000 000$ to 24 000 000$. In 1896 it was
Only 12 500 000$. The basic export trade with France (24 000 000$), the Great Britain (14 000 000$), Germany (13 000 000$), and Belgium. The Great Britain does not buy the Argentina wool. The basic trade in import with the Great Britain (45 000 000$), Germany (14 000 000$), France (12 000 000$), and Italy. Buenos Aires Ayreans is loved by display and a dress and ornaments, and import from France and Italy, has mainly the goods to satisfy this tenderness. There is a considerable export of wheat, a flour, tobacco, and the assistant (Paraguayan tea) to Brazil and other South American states. Madrigals of Buenos Aires - the centre of the Argentina system of the railway which consists approximately of 9000 miles of road. There are 25 500 miles of routes of telegraph. The public debt makes 430 000 000$. Provincial debts make approximately 140 000 000$. The taxation makes almost ten percent. From the income of people, in comparison with four and one half of percent. In Canada and five percent. In Australia.
BRAZIL

As these banks - keepers of superfluous savings of considerable quantities of people about whom

As these banks - keepers of superfluous savings of considerable quantities of people about whom laws of these several states have insured them with many guarantees, [222] not only for protection of investors, but also establishments directly. It is extremely correct and ought that the state, through its bank
Special representatives or otherwise, should while to supervise operations of savings banks to see, that they carry out the part of their contract with investors.

If you have brought the check, and it is returned through your bank noted 'Any Funds,' it shows,

If you have brought the check, and it is returned through your bank noted 'Any Funds,' it shows, that the check is nothing standing and that at the person into which account it has been delayed, there are no funds to meet it. Your bank will raise quantity to your account. The best thing to [14] does in that case, should keep
The check as the debt certificate, also writes to the person who has sent it to you, giving detailed data and asking an explanation.

The dominion of Canada includes all that a part of continent of the north of the North America of

The dominion of Canada includes all that a part of continent of the north of the North America of the Incorporated states - except Alaska and Newfoundland and coast of Labrador. (Newfoundland and Labrador coast - a colony in direct relations to the Great Britain). Canada is completely self-coping both self-maintenance, and its communication with the Great Britain - almost completely a loyalty and attachment question. It consists (1) of seven Areas: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward island, Manitoba, and British Columbia which, in their self-coping powers and their relation to the government, corresponds very close to our states; (2) from four -Assiniboia, Alberts, Saskatchewan, and which correspond a little on our Territories; (3) from four others -Ungava, , Mackenzie, and Yukon which the government operates; And (4) Area Keewatin which is under jurisdiction of the vice-governor of Manitoba. The capital of the whole dominion - Ottawa. Each area has an own capital.
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THE SIZE, SOIL, CLIMATE, AND THE POPULATION OF CANADA

Assume it A

Assume it A. B. Is going to make the European trip. It goes to the bank doing foreign business, to speak Brown Bros and Co. New York, also asks the circular letter for? 1000 for which he is obliged to pay approximately 4880$. Copies A. B. " s the signature leave with Brown Bros and Co., also can be probably sent their foreign bank buildings. When A. B. It is represented in bank of Glasgow or Paris with its letter of credit, and asks payment on it, the banker asks, that he has signed the project on Brown Bros and Co., New York, or it is more probable on their London bank, for the demanded quantity, what quantity has been immediately confirmed on the second page of the letter of credit so that when are equaled to the person, the letter has been completely paid. A. B. Simply catches up with its own account that is, on money, which it has brought to provide the letter of credit.

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers. Banks buy these notes from brokers of the note. The help of the broker which addresses with the bill, is the necessary and valuable help to purchasing bank. Completely three quarters of all paper bought by banks in the big cities, are bought under the simple recommendation of brokers of the note. As a rule these brokers simply transfer a paper, not guaranteeing its payment. The notes bought by banks from brokers of the note without them as it is considered, as, they guarantee, will be as it should be in all points except that which covers a question of, whether will pay it or not. The bank uses the best judgement in risking. If the dealer of the note on sale of notes to bank does to what he trusts to be fair and fair representations concerning any specific paper statements of such direct type, that on them no charge of false excuses can be made to have a rest - it simply guarantees the note, original concerning names, date, quantity, etc., and that on sale of it it transfers the good name to a paper. As business men, however, they are very cautious and extremely worry, that a paper which they sell, should be paid, and as a rule they do good any losses which grow from obvious distortions on their part.
NORMS OF BANKERS FOR LOANS

The third big textile manufacturing of the Great Britain - manufacturing of cloths

The third big textile manufacturing of the Great Britain - manufacturing of cloths. It is one manufacturing in which Ireland surpasses its sisterly kingdoms, England and Scotland. flax and rotation of a linen yarn were the domestic industries everywhere across all Ireland from time immemorial. But now the linen manufacturing industry of Ireland almost is completely concentrated in Belfast. In Scotland which now almost competitors Ireland in degree and its perfection linen , the industry is mainly located in Fifeshire and Forfarshire, especially in cities of Dundee and Dunfermline, last city which is becoming famous very of it napery and table linen. A cloth as the clap, demands a specific atmospheric condition of temperature, and humidity for its manufacturing, and only in few vicinities the linen industry successfully established. The total cost of annual linen manufacturing of the Great Britain makes 100 000 000$.
OTHERS TEXTILE MANUFACTURING OF THE GREAT BRITAIN

As in case of China, possibilities of the increased trade with Japan lay mainly in woollen

As in case of China, possibilities of the increased trade with Japan lay mainly in woollen and in grains. Besides there is a fair [153] chance of the increased trade in metal . Use of woollen subjects of clothes in Japan is stretched even on averages and working classes in the winter.
And as the country does not bring up sheep, and, really, it is not good to bring up in a condition sheep, such woollen clothes, a woollen fabric, or the crude wool as is used, should be imported. Till now woollen manufacturing which have been established in the country, were not very successful, and the probability consists that trade in import of Japan in woollen clothes and woollen fabrics will increase year after year. In the same way from the fact, that the country agriculture is not adapted for wheat growth, it seems ever probable to be so adapted, and also from the fact which and above and middle classes of Japan quickly accept the European and American habits to residing, it is very probable, that import of a flour of wheat and wheat to Japan also will continue to increase year after year. And from difficulty there is fusion gland cheaply, possibly, that import of the iron and iron goods (which in crude iron, gland and steel rails, iron the small equipment and nails, rotation both other cars, and steel vessels, already quantity to 8 000 000$ in a year), similarly possibly, will increase very much year after year also.
MODERN TRADING SERVICES OF JAPAN

Fishery of Gulf С-Lawrence and the small waters adjoining on Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, has

Fishery of Gulf -Lawrence and the small waters adjoining on Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, has within many centuries, the most productive in the world. The Canadian fishing interest in these waters is very big. The cod, a mackerel, a haddock, a halibut, a herring, smelts, and a salmon, is the basic fish, and annual 'capture' makes approximately 15 000 000$. Value for approximately 2 500 000$ , trout of a salmon, a herring, pickerel, and a sturgeon is made annually from the Canadian lakes. Annually fishes of a salmon of the rivers and the big sea entrance apertures of British [191] Colombia cause 4 500 000$.
Approximately one half of full product is exported to the Great Britain and the United States.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF CANADA

We have now on the market and bond stocks, representing all conceivable kinds of the property

We have now on the market and bond stocks, representing all conceivable kinds of the property. Not only that properties of many kinds are used to let out bonds on, but it is a lot of kinds of bonds, often are issued on the same property. Thus we find among our railways not only at first, secondly, and the third mortgages, but also bonds of the income, the dividend bond, convertible bonds, have united bonds, bonds of the repayment, the bond of renewal, the bond of fund the falls accompanying the bond, the equipment bond, etc., while they do not put also imposing in apparently infinite disorder.

Notice illustrations

Notice illustrations. The notice of the protest to the left of Number 1, 2, and 4 is intended for the bank representing the project for payment. The reason for this purpose will be completely explained in our lesson on a paper to which object. (See XIII.), Number 2 shows the approved project which is subject to payment to the order of bank in a city on which it is delayed. Number 1 is subject to payment to the bank order in a box city. Number 3 is the project of the kind which is subject to payment to the order of bank and accepted subject payment in bank. Number 4 is the urgent bill of exchange which is subject to payment to 'to us is direct' - that is, the Metallurgical company of Pennsylvania.

Commercial energy of Germany till now have been mainly concentrated on its domestic trade

Commercial energy of Germany till now have been mainly concentrated on its domestic trade. A total sum of this trade foots to 7,000,000,000$, against 6 000 000 000$ France, and in fifty years which it has [107] trebled while that from France has hardly doubled. At Germany is more miles
The railway than any other country in the world except the United States, its distance which is almost 30 000, against 25 000 France and 21 000 Great Britain. Its natural and artificial waterways also it is better in Europe, and its extensive manufacture of mineral riches is transported from a deposit to a foundry and factory, and its extensive manufacture of wood and grain is transported from wood and area in seaport, substantially by means of the water car. Rhine, Elba, Oder, and Vistula all are navigable everywhere at their whole courses through German territory while Weser and Danube also are navigable everywhere on the most parts of their courses. All these navigable rivers are connected by channels. The full length of possible river navigation makes almost 6000 miles while the full length of channels and made the water drain of the rivers, 2700 miles. Besides, in 1895 Kaiser Wilhelm the Channel, not locked seaworthy channel of the vessel, twenty nine foots of six inches by depth and sixty one mile in length there have been finished, connecting the North Sea and Baltic, and is constructed at cost almost 40 000 000$. This channel makes economy almost a single whole of day for commercial steamships, and three days for all sailing vessels occupied in the Baltic trade and trade of the North Sea.
FOREIGN TRADE OF GERMANY

It rather that we followed lessons on a clearing house and commercial projects with a lesson on a

It rather that we followed lessons on a clearing house and commercial projects with a lesson on a foreign currency.

Exchequer Stock

Exchequer Stock. It often occurs, which the new company finds necessary to postpone certain number of actions, which will be sold from time to time to provide a working capital. Such stock is spent in exchequer while it is not necessary, and is named by an exchequer stock.

To the student of a civilisation India - one of the most interesting countries in the world

To the student of a civilisation India - one of the most interesting countries in the world. It always was one of the most fertile and densely populated areas of globe. Within many centuries it as thought, was one of the richest. In a consequence it, again and again, there was a scene of intrusion, a gain, and property capture. But its riches never consisted so in natural treasure as in savings of hardworking and modest people. Since a year 1600 European nations had the direct relation to India, especially England, France, Portugal, and Holland. Within last 140 years, however, England was the dominating power there. Regardless of the fact that can be told concerning an occasion of intervention of England in affairs of India first, it is possible to tell only, that existing influence of England in India is very favourable to the country. Prosperity of India as a whole is comparable now to that from any civilised nation on globe. And people who once, because of a repeated gain and property capture, have lost all sense of honour and self-respect, now, under soft influence of the world, the law, the order, and safety, quickly becoming noble, itself [130] - assured, both initiative, and ambitious to possess all rights and privileges of the modern
Civilisation.
THE SIZE OF INDIA AND THE POPULATION

The clearing house purpose consists in substantially to facilitate transfer of credits

The clearing house purpose consists in substantially to facilitate transfer of credits. It is explained by the following [249] illustration of low: Assume that Brown colour and Smith
Hold their money for the deposit in Bank A and that Brown colour gives to Smith, its check on 100$ and Smith bring it in bank to its (Smith"s) credit. Officials of bank will subtract 100$ from the account of Brown colour and will add the same quantity to Smith"s account. No actual money should be mentioned. It - simply question of arithmetics and accounts department. The credit has been transferred from Brown colour to Smith. If all people of a city held the money in one central bank there would be no requirement of a clearing house. Bookkeepers of bank would be kept by the occupied credits of transfer from one client to another on bank books. But if Brown colour holds its money in Bank A, and Smith holds the money in Bank B, it is necessary, that Bank A and Bank B unite somewhere that it is convenient to do credit pass, and it actually, that they do in a clearing house. Then, again, if Bank A should be located in San Francisco and Bank B in Boston, difficulty of transfer of the credit is very increased.

Corporation bonds have many classes, differing widely on their value as securities

Corporation bonds have many classes, differing widely on their value as securities. Only a few from more important classes can be mentioned here. The first mortgages make, as the name means, the first mortgaging deduction on the company property, letting out them. It is important in an estimation, that value of such securities knows, whether whether they only include the corporation property when bonds have been let out or formulated they so to include all property belonging or got my God [265] poration. The second and third mortgages - the second and third mortgaging deduction. Interest for second and third
Mortgages are paid only after interest after the first mortgages is satisfied.

The following most important point in our list of export - conditions

The following most important point in our list of export - conditions. But, as 'grains', 'conditions' also - difficult term, including two main divisions, 'meat products' and 'dairy products.' Actually there are three main divisions, 'beef products,' 'products of a hog,' and 'dairy products.' We have in these big products of our country an export trade 165 500 000$ in a year and if we add 'animals,' similar point, at us is 46 500 000$ more, or in total 212 000 000$ in a year. Our export of new beef makes almost 300 000 000 pounds a year. Almost [206] all it goes to the Great Britain. Our export
Tinned beef runs from 40 000 000 to 60 000 000 pounds a year. Approximately three fifth it go to the Great Britain, the rest going mainly to Germany and other parts of Europe and to the British Africa. We have approximately 50 000 000 horned livestock on our farms and ranch, and our manufacture of beef as is estimated, is a large quantity of 5 400 000 000 pounds in a year which is between one third and one quarter of the full quantity made all over the world. Certainly the most part of it is kept for our own house consumption as we eat more meat in the inhabitant than any other people in the world except Englishmen. In addition to our beef we export approximately 400 000 horned livestock annually, it is more than seven eighth which our other major customers who are West Indies and Canada are taken by the Great Britain. The basic export, however, among our 'conditions' is our products of a hog. We export annually these products of 100 000 000 pounds of pork, 850 000 000 pounds of bacon and , and 700 000 000 pounds of fat, with value, are more than 110 000 000$. As with our products of beef, thus with our products of certainly hog the greatest action goes to the Great Britain. The Great Britain, however, does not import substantially some our pork or our fat. And though she buys from us more than four fifth our full export of bacon and , she does not pay for them so as it does for bacon and Ireland, Denmark, and Canada. The reason for this purpose - that as a rule our bacon fed with grain and a ham - too full-a error which could be easily corrected. After the Great Britain our following best clients for our products of a hog - Germany (mainly in fat), the Netherlands, Sweden, and West Indies (last mainly in pork). We keep the farms from 40 000 000 to 50 000 000 hogs, and the limits of manufacture almost to 4 600 000 000 pounds of pork, bacon, , fat, etc., in a year. The big drawn game [207] back to our industry lifting a pig
Awful plague of a pig which so often devastates our herds of a pig. There was this plague, eradicating full preventive measures, our industry of a pig becomes fast very much and more favourable. The third basic point in our export trade in conditions - 'dairy production.' Our export of oil makes now 30 000 000 pounds a year. Our export of cheese, once is much more, - now approximately 50 000 000 pounds a year. As in our products of beef and in our products of a hog so again in our dairy products the Great Britain - our main client. But our export of oil to the Great Britain - only one twelfth its full import of oil, and our export of cheese to the Great Britain - only approximately one eighth its full import of cheese. Our cheese has let go in the English market because of its relative deterioration, and its export - is no more than half or one third of what it was once. The most part of our oil also does not approach for English taste. But also our cheese and our oil improve now on quality. Our great competitor in export trade in cheese - Canada. Export of Canada of cheese to the Great Britain one fifth makes 15 000 000$ annually, while ours only that quantity. Our great competitor in oil - Denmark. Export of Denmark to the Great Britain makes oils 32 000 000$ while we is no more than one fourteenth that sum. Our competitors in the markets of the Great Britain for horned livestock - Canada and Argentina, but their export together, however, is less than one third of ours. Our competitors in the British markets for meat sale - Mainly concerning to colonies and Argentina, but their basic export while - the cooled mutton, which they send to the Great Britain for the sum of many millions dollars annually (one only Argentina 5 000 000$ in a year, one only New Zealand 10 000 000$ in a year) while our export of mutton - actually a zero. We really, however, export 1 000 000$ [208] value of sheep year, but in this point we are often far exceeded by Canada. Chicago,
Course, great commercial centre of continent for 'conditions' and 'a live stock,' and New York great navigable port. Of all export trade of the whole country New York does two fifth. Baltimore arrives then with approximately one ninth. Then (that) the arrived Philadelphia, Boston, and New Orleans. The main centres of our big condition and livestock trade, except Chicago, Kansas City, Indianapolis, , and Omaha is Cincinnati.
OUR FOREIGN TRANSPORT BUSINESS

To interest of dealers or bankers deal [36] in foreign accounts to buy them where they are the

To interest of dealers or bankers deal [36] in foreign accounts to buy them where they are the cheapest and to sell it where they are the most expensive.
For this reason it could advantage to the New York dealer is frequent to be to buy the account on London, to pay a debt in Paris.
The bill (banker).

To hold indorser, he should be properly notified concerning note non-payment; and whether it has

To hold indorser, he should be properly notified concerning note non-payment; and whether it has been made, a fact question. If he has not been properly notified, this protection will help every time when it is clearly proved. The big variety of protection can be successfully made indorser. A little from these protection here are is short noticed: Everyone - usury; another - unloading of the manufacturer by the holder; and thus it cannot be kept, when he has paid the note; neither when its problem was illegal, nor when the note was non-turnaround when it has been provided by swindle. At last, indorser it can be helped by any protection existing between the holder and the manufacturer or the basic debtor. It is obviously fair principle as the holder should have no more rights against indorser, than it has against the manufacturer. If, therefore, the manufacturer can interfere, some only demand as partial or full protection which indorser needs to allow to be helped independently this requirement.