Monday, February 4, 2008

[42]



Usual face value of the action of a stock makes 100$
[42]
Usual face value of the action of a stock makes 100$. Thus, if the company organises with the capital 200 000$, there will be actions 2000 to sell. Each person who buys or subscribes for a stock that is who joins the company - receives the certificate on a stock. Our illustrations show two examples; one of national bank, and other firm-manufacturer. These certificates are transferred in pleasure of owners. Transfer usually becomes the form in the end of the certificate, but to be legal, transfer should be registered on company books.
The certificate on a stock in national bank.




Two examples of bills are resulted in this lesson



Two examples of bills are resulted in this lesson. Everyone is involved in a double copy. The original is sold [37] or sent abroad while the duplicate is kept
As a guarantee against original loss. When to everyone pay another, has no value. Notice similarity between bills as shown here and commercial projects as shown in our last lesson.




We have learnt in last lesson, that commercial projects are used to facilitate a collection of



We have learnt in last lesson, that commercial projects are used to facilitate a collection of accounts. [32] they - simply formal requirements of payment
From lawful debts. When these formal requirements are made on foreign debtors, them name bills; and process of purchase and sale of these projects, projects directly, and fluctuations in the price, all are included in the general exchange of the name.
Foreign currency.




The basic business of Russia - agriculture



The basic business of Russia - agriculture. It is more than one half of its whole domestic trade is agricultural. Its agricultural products one and one half of times, is more than its products and ten times more than its products of a mining industry or its import. And though its manufacture of grain in an acre is the lowest in all Europe except Italy, Spain, both Portugal, and its full manufacture of all food products in an acre certainly lowest in Europe (it is no more than that one third from Spain which is then the lowest), nevertheless to it is possible to export quantity of grain than any other country in Europe, France, only sometimes the excluded. Export of Russia within several past years has averaged grains 266 000 000 in a year. Its export of one only has averaged wheat 94 000 000 in a year, or much more than one fifth full export of wheat of the world. The explanation of this huge export of wheat from so bad country consists that three quarters of people live on a rye. Among peasants the white loaf is actually unknown, and nothing could be more pathetic than firm blocks of a rye which have passed as bread during last hunger. Other agricultural export (besides grain) is flax, hashish, a pie of a seed of olive culture, a linen seed and a grass seed, oil, eggs, a wool, disappear, and bristles of hogs. Wood, wood, and wood also are extensively exported. England - the best client of Russia. The quantity of annual import of England of aforementioned products (including grain) exceeds 112 000 000$.
[124]
MINERAL RICHES OF RUSSIA




Now заклад, providing payment of corporate bonds, in hands of the trustee in general some



Now , providing payment of corporate bonds, in hands of the trustee in general some usually is located the company - which as it is supposed, operates in a name of holders of bonds as unit and which is authorised by obligation language, in default corporations to carry out of obligations which it accepts in the told obligation, to exclude and to divide incomes of sale among bondholders.-.
CLASSES OF BONDS OF CORPORATION




Once India became famous for the riches in precious minerals and jewels



Once India became famous for the riches in precious minerals and jewels. Poets often celebrated its gold resources. But its riches in this respect always were improbable, instead of is real. India is actually poor in minerals. It has a lot of iron iron of the best quality. It has also a lot of coal, but its coal is bad, owing to its abundance of ashes. At it is also a few copper and tin. It has gold mines which are worked. Diamonds, also, are found in southern India, and in a considerable quantity so. Well-known Koh-i-nur (280 carats) were the Indian product. But neither diamond hunting, nor a gold mining no more favourable industry in India. The basic mineral industry of India - the mining industry of salt pursued in Punjaub where there are firm rocks of pure salt. Owing to the fact, that people of India - mainly vegetarians (250 000 000 from Hindoos would die, than would eat a flesh), salt - necessary article of a diet and the universal goods. Its manufacture the government as means of lifting of the income, therefore, operates.
[133]
REMARKABLE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF INDIA
The comparative sizes of India and the United States.




Commercial use, however, recognises the specific form in which this letter should be written, and



Commercial use, however, recognises the specific form in which this letter should be written, and the address of the person for which it is intended, is usually written in lower left corner instead of on an envelope. Commercial projects usually reach people on whom they are involved by means of banks, instead of directly mail. Allow us to illustrate. Assume, that Chicago should B 200$, and B wishes to collect quantity by means of the project. It is filled in the pure project, signs it, and addresses to it on [28] lower left corner to A. Instead of sending it mail it takes it to its bank
- That is, deposits it for a collection. It will reach the Chicago bank approximately in the same way which checks for a collection go from one place to another. The messenger from the Chicago bank will bear the project in office A"s and to represent it for payment or for acceptance. If it is the project that is, a kind the project subject to payment when A sees it - it can give cash for this purpose at once and to take the project as its receipt. If it does not have the money convenient, he can write through the person, 'Accepted, subject to payment in (its) Bank,' as on an illustration. It then will reach its bank and will be paid, as its personal check would be, and should be entered into its check-book. Banks usually give one day after kind projects. The project will not be presented to second time, but will be spent in bank before end of bank hours next day, where A can call to pay if he chooses. Softness as to time will depend substantially on instructions B"s and the bank relation to A. If the project - the urgent bill of exchange that is if B gives time, certain number of days to pay It if he wishes to pay the project, accepts it. It does it by the letter of the word accepted with date and its signature through the person of the project. It can make it subject to payment in its bank as it would be the note if he so wishes. It then returns the project to the messenger and if time is long, the project is returned to B; if only a few days, bank hold it for a collection.
Number 1. The kind project.
Number 2. The approved ten-day project of a kind.




The similar explanation should be given the fact, that London - the great financial centre of the



The similar explanation should be given the fact, that London - the great financial centre of the world. The same policy who has made the Great Britain the big trading country, also has made its big industrial country. Food products of all world pour in on its coast, and the Great Britain became a cheap place to live century Its handicraftsmen are supplied by the best food which the world can make, and it under the prices which are actually, that the British requirement does by them to be. The British handicraftsman therefore and well eats and cheaply eats. As consequence of it British manufacturing are made more effectively and more cheaply than that of the majority of other nations, and they therefore are exported extremely to each quarter of globe. London, from its availability concerning the great industrial centres of the house, and from its commercial relations and services for trade abroad, is great centre value of distribution of this huge manufacturing. The London exporters have accounts on the goods sold by all of them all over the world. Is, [76] therefore, any quarter of the world where
Money not constantly owing to London; or, if not to London, to Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, Glasgow, or to some other industrial centre in close financial contact to London. In it then, there is an explanation of the financial superiority of London. Irrespective of that the quarter of world money should any place, final mission of that money - London; as the site to which owe money if it not to be London will be found in almost all cases, that, will be independent the debtor to London. London, therefore, from requirement and as the custom and convenience, became the big clearing house of the world. Final regulators of debts of all commercial centres of the world are made there.
The London bridge.
[77]
THE GREAT BRITAIN THE NATION OF THE CREDITOR OF THE WORLD




If you wish to use your check to pay the note, should in some other bank, or in real estate



If you wish to use your check to pay the note, should in some other bank, or in real estate purchase, either stocks, or bonds, you can find necessary to certify the check. It is made by the official of bank who writes or prints through the person of the check of a word 'or' Good When Properly Confirmed, 'and signs its name. (See an illustration). The quantity will be immediately subtracted from your account, and bank, guaranteeing your check, becomes responsible for its payment. Banks will usually certify any check, caught up them if to the investor have called for quantity to its credit irrespective of who represents the check, and this certificate does it for the person to bear in its pocket any quantity of actual cash. If you certify the check and then not use it, bring it in your bank, differently your account will be short quantity for which will delay the check. In Canada all checks are presented 'the keeper of the account book' for the certificate before to be presented to the paying cashier.
The certified check.
[15]
FULL VALUE OF BANKS




Term Австралазия as now in general it is used, includes Australia (including Tasmania)



Term as now in general it is used, includes Australia (including Tasmania) both New Zealand, and many small next islands. So used it actually designates the British possession; for such islands as will take place for and still the Great Britain do not belong, are rather insignificant. But when we speak about , we in general think of Australia as Australia is so big and important, that it, apparently, saddens other parts . But concerning a policy or trade Australia not one country; it is divided into some self-coping colonies. They, as importance, Victoria, the New Southern Wales, South Australia, Queensland, and Western Australia. But movement becomes now to unite all these colonies, and Tasmania also, in one 'the Australian Confederation,' the same as some areas of Canada which independent colonies were once, have been united in one 'Dominion of Canada.' This scheme of confederation, however, has not been reached yet. [167 [3] new
Zealand, because of its distance (1200 miles) from Australia, yet has not shown desire to enter this confederation.
FOOTNOTE:




The name differential in application to cargo norms addresses to values which are available the



The name differential in application to cargo norms addresses to values which are available the railway companies. Certain roads according to the agreement, lower gathering than has allowed to raise others, running to the same points. To and from each of east cities there are two classes of roads - standard lines and distinctive lines. Standard lines have advantage more direct communications; distinctive lines reach cargo mission roundabout routes, in some cases almost double distance. With a view of equalising of these conditions the general transport associations allow distinctive lines to bear the freight on lower norm in mile than the gathering raised by standard lines.




Notice illustrations



Notice illustrations. The notice of the protest to the left of Number 1, 2, and 4 is intended for the bank representing the project for payment. The reason for this purpose will be completely explained in our lesson on a paper to which object. (See XIII.), Number 2 shows the approved project which is subject to payment to the order of bank in a city on which it is delayed. Number 1 is subject to payment to the bank order in a box city. Number 3 is the project of the kind which is subject to payment to the order of bank and accepted subject payment in bank. Number 4 is the urgent bill of exchange which is subject to payment to 'to us is direct' - that is, the Metallurgical company of Pennsylvania.




The holding of the Great Britain, however, on the divided continent includes the best parts



The holding of the Great Britain, however, on the divided continent includes the best parts. The most part of Africa is unfit for human habitation the white. Everywhere, where, however, the white can live - except in northern Africa there, the control was possible to receive the Great Britain. Excepting coast of the Mediterranean, the most part of Africa which consider from points of representation of colonisation and trade, that is known now as 'the British Southern Africa.' It is huge area - area almost 1 000 000 square miles. It the whole southern part of the continent known as the Colony of Cape, and (2), that includes (1), that a part of the big central plateau of continent which is stretched from the Cape Colony to the north to Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika - all but two republics, Orange Free State and the South African republic. The British East Africa (800 000 square miles) includes territory of Uganda, to the north from Lake Victoria, territory which from character of its population on a birth and its possibilities of trade named 'pearls of Africa.' The British Western Africa (500 000 squares [161] miles) includes pool of lower Niger, most densely occupied area in all Africa, a place of the big empire of a Fula-house of Sokoto-Gandu,
The richest and greatest country-participant of foreign trade on continent. Besides, in the northeast, the Great Britain carries out 'the protectorate control' over the control of Egypt-a which, possibly, will promote correction for Egypt, and thus for a civilisation and trade under the British power, ancient property of all Egypt along Nile so far at least as Uganda. The full area of the British property in Africa, exclusive of two republics and Egypt, makes more than 2 300 000 square miles.
'DOMINION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA'




The paper offered for the discount, has set of kinds



The paper offered for the discount, has set of kinds. The big proportion of it from clients of the borrower who have expanded their credit, paying in their account in notes instead of in cash. Such paper really though having two names, it is little bit better than [51] paper of the unique name as it not the manufacturer
The credit, but the addressee of payment who usually considers bank. Many very small notes offered for the discount usually, specify very requiring condition.




Заклады on the improved property if it is properly diplomaed in quantity, should be safe and



on the improved property if it is properly diplomaed in quantity, should be safe and favourable investments. The buyer, however, should carry out the big care and good judgement. There should be there an arrangement between the agent of a loan and the land owner, money has promoted, can be substantially over actual value of the property. Villages with less than a building of a dozen often - sites of the investment companies engaged in commerce under pretentious names and offering to the investment in interest rates which local conditions are impossible. One of devices of these initiative companies should offer their own guarantees and concerning the head and rather [236] interest of all about which they agree. The investor should be convinced of two things: (1) safety
The head, and (2) regularity in interest payment. There is a big danger of non-payment from the reasons which are not expected by the debtor under the mortgage and over which it has no control.
STOCKS AS SECURITIES




The Mediterranean from very earliest epoch of a civilisation was the main highway of trade, and



The Mediterranean from very earliest epoch of a civilisation was the main highway of trade, and along its coast each kind of commercial activity has been pursued on court. Within many centuries and centuries of the nation on borders, especially those on its northern borders, were the leading nations of the world, and their empire, really, included world empire. But within last two or three centuries, and especially within the nineteenth century, commercial advantage and advantage in empire have receded from the Mediterranean. Italy, the governor of the whole ancient world, and even during modern times the governor of almost equal potentiality; Turkey, during the Middle Ages the main power both in Europe and in Asia; Spain, within two centuries in the beginning of our modern epoch the main power in Europe and the mistress of almost whole Western world also, - these countries all have decreased to positions of comparative insignificance, and one only Italy shows signs of effective regeneration. And still on a surface of the whole earth there are no earths more richly provided by the nature as a residence for the person than Italy, Turkey, and Spain.
[112]
SPAIN: ITS TRADE AND ITS SPECIAL SHOPPING CENTERS




The word firm concerns with validity, establishment, force, and in business sense shows two or more



The word firm concerns with validity, establishment, force, and in business sense shows two or more persons united in association for the purpose of trade. The word house is very often used in the same sense. In commercial use the house does not mean a building in which has put is conducted, but men to whom belong business, including, probably, a building, a stock, factory, and business reputation. The anxiety of the name is often used by very similar way.




[56]



At various times the government of the United States has let out bonds to release exchequer
[56]
At various times the government of the United States has let out bonds to release exchequer. These bonds are absolutely safe and are always market. The registered bonds have a name of the registered buyer; not registered bonds - the check payable to bearer. Municipal bonds are let out by cities and other municipalities to lift money for local improvements. If appropriate precautions are taken by buyers, municipal securities can be considered among the most safe and the majority of remunerating investments.




Spain, because of a various climate of its several parts, is capable to manufacture almost all



Spain, because of a various climate of its several parts, is capable to manufacture almost all edible fruit and the grains known both moderate and tropical areas. Though there are some areas of desert, the soil most part is strongly productive, and was the agriculture pursued with the same skill as it is in other countries - in England and Scotland as Spain of an example would be one of the richest agricultural areas on globe. But not only that the agriculture is very inefficiently pursued, but also the country also is seldom occupied (only 90 to square mile, in comparison with 270 to square mile in Italy), and only one quarter from this is grown up. As consequence only those products are lifted in Spain in which, because of its advantages of a climate, etc., it has the least quantity of competition. The basic commercial agricultural product - wine, a grapevine which is grown up in each area in kingdom. Six hundred millions gallons of wine are lifted annually which is more in value, than the full quantity of grain has lifted. Only one fifth from this, however, is exported (mainly to France), and even it, the most part - wine of the lowest grade, used to mix up. Remaining agricultural products of the exported Spain are basically oranges, lemons, , raisin, nuts, olives, and onions. From this value for more than 15 000 000$ go to England annually. England and France, really, possess the big most part of foreign trade of Spain, but last years Germany and the United States take the small action of it. The mineral riches of Spain are huge, and as mines the foreign capital often operates, they are worked with energy. The whole eternity iron ore of Basque Provinces of the north and copper ore of area about Cadiz [113] were known. Value for thirty five millions dollars of copper, iron, leadership, silver, and mercury is exported in Big
The Great Britain annually. Is manufacturing of claps, woollens, cloths, and silks, but any of them as cannot speak, is very rich, though within last twenty five years, owing to the high protective tariff, the quantity of the raw materials used in textile manufacturing in Spain, has doubled. Spain makes an excellent wool, but its woollen manufacturing is incapable to use all it, and one quarter is exported. In the same way, though Spain is especially rich with iron areas, it receives approximately one third of hardware which it requires for own consumption from England. The full area of coal fields of Spain is estimated in 5500 miles, but till now a few coal has been extracted, partially because it is a little inaccessible. Value for four million dollars of coal is annually imported from England. The whole mountains of stone salt exist, but is a little extracted, and any is not exported, though the bay salt received in the south, exported to fishermen of Cornwall. Other important export - a grass which send to England which will be used in paper manufacture. And still another - a stopper though Portugal which adjoins Spain, is the main place of the industry making a stopper. Madrid (470 000) is the capital and the greatest city. Barcelona (250 000) is the main seaport of Spain and the main industrial centre. Valencia (145 000), in the southeast, both Seville (135 000) and Malaga (115 000), in the south, is the basic places of export trade in country fruit. At Cadiz (65 000), the basic naval seaport of Spain, is known export trade in sherry wines. The general number of the population of Spain 17 500 000.
Spain was compared in size to California.
[114]
SAD CONDITION OF ITALY




The corporation can make appointment the same as the person can



The corporation can make appointment the same as the person can. If all participants die pass of primary interests to heir-at-laws, and under usual conditions still there is a corporation.




If you wish to pull money from your own account, the most approved form of the check is written



If you wish to pull money from your own account, the most approved form of the check is written 'the Payment to the order of cash.' It differs from the check, delayed to 'bearer'. The paying cashier expects you to see direct or someone known to it as your representative when you write 'cash'. If you write 'the Payment to the order (your own name) that', you will be obliged to confirm your own check before you could exchange it for money. If you wish to pull the check to pay, the note write 'the Payment to the order of accounts for payment.' If you wish to write, that the check to pull money for wages writes 'the Payment to the pay-sheet order.' If you wish to write the check to pay for the project which you buy, write 'the Payment to order N. Project Y. And an exchange,' or regardless of the fact that circumstances can call.
THE CHECK